ADAPTATION OF FOOD CROPS TO BIOTIC STRESS

Abstract

Major food crops such as soybean (Glycine max) and maize (Zea mays) play an important role in global food security. However, their productivity is often threatened by biotic stresses, including attacks by pathogens, pests, and parasites. This article reviews plant defense mechanisms through multi-omics and biochemical adaptation approaches. Multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, allow the identification of genes and metabolic pathways that contribute to plant resistance. Meanwhile, biochemical mechanisms such as the role of jasmonic acid (JA), antioxidants, defense enzymes, and antimicrobial compounds enhance plant resistance to biotic stresses. This understanding is important in developing biotic stress-resistant varieties through biotechnology and conventional breeding that are useful for supporting global agricultural sustainability.